فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 12 (تابستان 1389)

Modern medical ethics is a multi-disciplinary knowledge and nowadays is one of the elements of medical school’s curriculum. Identity of medical ethics curriculum forms the sub-structural contexts and belief and value essentials of the society and we cant codify medical ethics curriculum separate of belief, cultural and value context and essentials of society. So, this study is done for deeper and real recognizing of existing ambiguities and challenges in the identity of medical ethics curriculum. This study is a qualitative research which its data gathered by the semi-structural interview with 14 people of Tehran medical university’s medical ethics instructors in 1389, analyzing by the Mayring context analysis approach. Results of this study indicating the lack of identity in medical ethics curriculum. Contents which are explanatory of the lack of native and Islamic identity in medical ethics curriculum: 1.secular medical ethics 2.Islamic ethics system 3.medical ethics scope. In fact the missing ring of medical ethics curriculum is lacking of Islamic and native identity and because of this reason the medical ethics topics is placed in medical ethics curriculum sparsely and without any specific basis and teaching of medical ethics always is faced with confusion and being the promoter of secular culture.

Increased technological and pharmacological interventions in patient care when patient outcomes are uncertain have been linked to the escalation in moral and ethical dilemmas. Experienced by health care providers in acute care settings nursing ethics as an area for research has grown at a rapid rate over the last decade. Publications concerning nurses’ ethical reasoning, moral responsibility, moral choice, and sensitivity in dealing with day-to-day care situations not only add to our knowledge of nursing ethics but also focus on nurses as moral agents. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the level of moral sensitivity among nursing students and staffs. Moral sensitivity was measured by using the modified moral sensitivity questionnaire, a 28-item survey with Likert scoring. After translation of the questionnaire, validity and reliability were measured. Participants were 143 staffs and 123 nursing students. The results showed that there was no significant difference in total moral sensitivity score between staffs and students and there was no relevant between demographic characteristics and total moral sensitivity score in both groups. It is therefore recommended that a training program reflecting these variables be developed to enhance nurse's moral sensitivity. Moral sensitivity is considered to be an emerging concept with potential utility in research and practice.

logic considered as a tool in the form of rules and principles with the aim of preventing thought from deviations. Basically, value and credit of thought (scientific) activities can be determined by the logic principles. Medical ethics as a blend of experimental and humanistic knowledge needs logic for presenting proper, concrete and rational definitions and reasoning and Conclusively, for being safe from unwanted and ignorant made mistakes which may bear irreparable complications. In this paper have been tried within a brief introduction to logic rules and principles some related medical ethics referents been shown and overall the interrelationship of the two being scrutinized. In this conforming study have been attempted within a cursory review of the logic content, some medical ethics related instances communicating to each logical parts being introduced. logic trace can be found in the most of medical ethics discussions. The most basic purpose of this paper, has been introducing the applicability and the stand of logic in medical ethics. In this way, It can be claimed utilizing and observing logic would result in a rational, assuring and free from incorrect base in medical ethics. Meanwhile, the logic "five crafts" (Sanaate Khams) might help the one to insert logic in his taking, writing and behavior; moreover, could reinforce the person’s ability to recognize rights from wrongs. logic could be considered as a common language in medical ethics between different societies with various viewpoints and attitudes. The logic language is the language of thought and reason and because of its potentiality in providing scientific negotiating environments between different ideas might be considered as a beneficial and effective tool in designing international practical guidelines in the field of medical ethics. So it would be important that the interrelation of logic and medical ethics and the need to apply logic in the scientific literature of global bioethics being seen seriously.

Although HIV / AIDS disease is known, but unfortunately just over 30 years more than 65 million people worldwide are infected with it. Community fear and fear of disease and lack of knowledge about transmission ways and prevention especially in standard precautions has led these patients not only in the process of diagnosis, treatment, care and disease treatment and care in the past but also face continued injustice of other diseases and many of the ethical principles by physicians, health staff and even other members of society does not respect. Patients lack ethics mentioned in addition to being trampled the rights of patients but also makes social and cultural consequences of abuse on health is well. On the one hand the human rights of patients with HIV / AIDS as a human being is essential and the other rights not mentioned due to the marginalization of patients, and patients are living underground. And socially marginalized lives of patients escape, causing sufferers to avoid, and lack of access to appropriate training and information services, health and social services and therefore are resorting to illegal and risky activities such as drug abuse, drug trafficking, prostitution, and unprotected sexual behavior outside marriage and. .. Common and easily finds a field outbreak and spread of the disease will provide more. Experiencesobtained in the fight against AIDS in many countries confirm the fact that the promotion and protection of human rights an essential component in preventing transmission of HIV and reduce the impact of AIDS. Ethical principles, especially the important principle of medical ethics, such as patient satisfaction and independence, and lack of interest update losses, confidentiality and justice, both for the inherent dignity of people infected and to achieve public health goals in order to reduce vulnerability to HIV infection reduce harmful effects on people with AIDS and empower individuals andcommunities deal with the fundamental principles of the fight against AIDS is epidemic. As above discussions on the terms we need to respect the principles and moral standards among HIV-infected patients and also AIDS in the aspects of prevention, counseling, diagnosis, care and treatment of our explanation.

Selecting the sex of children for nonmedical purposes raises complicated questions of sexism and gender stereotyping, procreative liberty, the allocation of medical resources and depending on the method used, respect for the earliest stages of human life. There is discriminatory potential in selecting the sex of first children, but its ethical assessment is different when come to increase gender variety in a family with no sex discrimination circumstances. So, nonmedical sex selection throughout PGD without disproportionally sex preference seems unproblematic if some concerns are respected.

Human rights are the most important ethical rights that should be equally considered for every human being. Different groups of medical health center providers are responsible for patients’ rights protection. Knowing and following the patients’ rights by the nurses and others leads to increasing patients’ trust and satisfaction and they are very important issues. The Purpose of this research is to determine the knowledge of baccalaureate and master degree nursing students of patient rights in acceptance or avoidance of a treatment, keeping their personal information as secret and their rights in patient humanitarian researches. This research was a descriptive study. The research areas were the medical science universities. Sampling was achieved randomly. The data gathering tool was a two section questionnaire. In the first section, demographic characteristics were asked from research units and in the second section, 21 close questions about patients’ rights were asked. The statistical method used included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations coefficients and k-square test. Most of research units were baccalaureate degree nursing students 20-22 years old, and without work experience. Most nursing students’ awareness was about patient rights (82/3 percent) Statistical reviews showed a significant association between the work experiences of research units and their knowledge on patients ‘rights. Regarding the findings, increasing patients’ trust and satisfaction can come true through promotion of nursing care quality and medical staff groups regarding patient rights.

Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein. Although gene therapy is a promising treatment option for a number of diseases, the technique remains risky and isstill under study to make sure that it will be safe and effective. There are two types of gene therapy, somatic and germ line. Genetic manipulation of germ line cells will affect the future generation so will have the serious ethical and health implications. These issues will be of effectiveness on the using and how to use of this therapy.

Expansion and increasing of networks speed and large scale Vogue Of networks in recent years has caused a great change in different aspects of human life, Its Impact on science and technology, business techniques has been emerged the new fields such as e-government, e-learning and e-health. Electronic health by creating electronic health records, integrate information health care, integrating health information for various stakeholders by considering and protecting the privacy of patients is very useful. Governments in developed countries adopted appropriate policies and strategies and actions to provide ehealth development. This paper has been with reviewing the selected countries experiences for ensuring the privacy of people in their Ehealth systems And investigation of privacy and data protection in IRAN make a solution for ensuring privacy for electronic health data in IRAN.